child language acquisition test

1. Cooing, babbling, holophrastic, two word, telegraphic, post telegraphic
2. Interactional – children learn through the input of their careers, correcting and supporting their linguistic development – J Bruner
3. Critical period – children have a limited period during which their language can develop rapidly. After this, language development is much harder – E Lenneberg
4. Nativist – children are born with a language acquisition device. They have an innate ability to acquire language – N Chomsky
5. Cognitive – children develop their linguistic competence alongside their ability to understand the world around them – J Piaget
6. Behaviourist – children learn primarily through imitation and patterns of positive and negative reinforcement their careers – BF Skinner
7. A child refers to an apple, orange and grapefruit as ‘ball’.  What process is at work and what might be the reasons for this?  
   Overextension – child sees similar shapes to an object she knows and overextends the term she knows to include these objects
8. A child refers to her boots as ‘shoes’ but will not use this term to describe any other shoes, apart from her own.  What process is at work and what might be the reasons for this?
   Underextension – child cannot relate the term she knows to any other similar item
9. A child says ‘I falled over’ or ‘I runned away’.  What process is at work and what might be the reasons for this? 
   Overgeneralisation – child applies regular rules to irregular verbs
10.  A child says ‘Daddy go work’ as his father leaves for work.  At what stage of development might we suggest the child is?  Which clause elements has the child used and which are missing?
    Telegraphic stage – child has used subject verb and part of the prepositional phrase (to) work but has missed the auxiliary verb is going
11. A child says ‘Me like ice cream’.  In what way is she/he using some elements of grammar correctly and in what ways is she making errors?
    Correct syntax/ word order but misusing pronoun.  She uses first person object pronoun me instead of first person subject pronoun
12. A child says ‘timney’ instead of ‘chimney’.  What process is at work and what might be the reason for this?
    Substitution – child is replacing the ch sound with a simpler t sound
13. A child says ‘ca’ instead of ‘cat’.  What process is at work and what might be the reason for this?
    Deletion – child is either not hearing or not producing the last consonant sound ‘t’
14. A child says ‘nana’ instead of ‘banana’.  What process is at work and what might be the reasons for this?
    Deletion of unstressed syllable – child deletes ba syllable
15. Michael Halliday researched functions of language in child development. What were the six functions and how might they be illustrated?  (Give an example for each function.)
    * Instrumental – to satisfy needs and wants: ‘Juice!’ 
    * Regulatory – to control others: ‘Lift me up, daddy’ 
    * Interactional – to create interactions with others: ‘Bye bye’ 
    * Personal – to express personal thoughts and opinions: ‘I no like custard’ 
    * Imaginative – to create imaginary worlds: ‘I’m a dragon – roarrr’ 
    * Heuristic – to seek information: ‘What’s that, mummy?’ 
    * Informative – to communicate information: ‘We had fish for lunch.’ 
     
16. What are ‘wugs’?  Who researched them?  What did she discover?
    Jean Berko  - Using a made-up animal, she tested the children’s application of the ‘-s’ plural rule and found that nearly all of them applied it to a noun they’d never heard before
17. Out of the average child’s first 50 words, the most common word class will probably be what?  Why might this be?
    Nouns (mostly concrete nouns) – the most common items around the child and easily understood link between object and label
18. In what ways might turn-taking be established between a carer and a child?
    Conversations with child as if they are a full participant
    Games such as peek-a-boo
    Setting up question and answer structures in basic conversation
19. List the ways in which a parent or carer can make their use of language easier for a child to understand.  What might this type of language be termed?
    Child-Directed Speech (CDS), caretaker language, motherese, parentese
    * more pronounced intonation that draws attention to key morphemes or lexemes
    * simplified vocabulary that helps establish key words (‘dog’ rather than ‘pitbull terrier’)
    * repeated grammatical ‘frames’ that help draw attention to new elements within those frames (e.g. ‘What animal lives in a kennel?  What animal lives in a stable?  What animal lives in a sty?’)
    * simplified grammar – shorter utterances
    * tag questions used to initiate turn-taking
    * actions that accompany speech: pointing, smiling, shrugging shoulders etc.
    * more obvious lip and mouth movement to help younger children copy
     
20. Who was Genie and what might she prove?
    A ‘feral’ or ‘wild’ girl discovered by social workers in California in 1970.  At 13 her vocabulary was limited to 20 words.  Her case study is often used to support the Critical Learning Period Hypothesis, while others use it to support the Interactive Theory.
21. Who was Jim and what might he prove?
    A boy noted in the Devilliers & Devilliers study in 1978.  He was born to deaf parents and placed in front of a TV in the hope he would pick up language by watching it.  His language acquisition was hampered and it’s often used to support the Interactive Theory.
22. Apart from the main theorists mentioned above, which other researchers could you refer to when talking about child language?
    Some suggestions: Roger Brown, Steven Pinker, Jean Aitchison and David Crystal
23. What do the initials L.A.D. stand for?
    Language Acquisition Device
24. At the telegraphic stage, children often combine content words in the correct sequence (syntax) but miss out certain grammatical words. Give two word classes (and an example of each) that children often omit.
25. Determiners (the, a) and Auxiliary verbs (is doing, am running)

1) What is a ‘question and answer’ or ‘statement and response’ called?
Adjacency pair
2) What is the term for saying “yeah” or “uh huh” while someone else is talking?
back-channel agreement
3) What is it called when talk flows swiftly from one turn to the next?
Latched talk
4) What’s it called when you affect the data you are studying by investigating it?
The observer’s paradox
5) Your investigation data needs to be ethical, comparable and..?
 Reliable
6) What does AO3 award marks for?
context
7) What does GRAPE stand for?
 Genre, reception, audience, purpose, expectations
8) You need to analyse texts for how they make meanings and..?
 representations
9) Name two terms from the framework ‘lexis’.
E.g. connotations, lexical field, metaphor etc.
10) Which of the Ds was Tannen’s theory?
Difference
11) Name three deficit features.
 E.g. empty adjectives, intensifiers, hedges, tag questions etc.
12) What did Cameron say – fill in the blanks:      
 “Your   GENES don’t determine your  JEANS .”
13) Where did Trudgill do his NORMS research?
Norwich
14) Did the island locals in Martha’s Vineyard show overt or covert prestige?
covert
15) Was there more or less pronunciation of the post-vocalic R sound in more expensive stores in Labov’s ‘fourth floor’ study?
more
16) What is it called when children apply standard grammatical rules to irregular verbs and nouns? overgeneralisation
17) How many morphemes are in the following quote? “now you can’t exactly be like Jesus (0.5) instead you just get some help”
15
18) What is the stage after the two-word stage called?
 telegraphic
19) What was Halliday’s function for getting your needs met?
instrumental
20) Who did the research on his son and discovered that caregivers simplify the utterances around a word that is about to be learned?
Deb Roy

Stephen Fry : Planet word - origins of language

• over 7000 languages
• 2 year olds tend to start speaking - listen for two years, listening in the womb
• first words - mumma, dada
• human language for collaboration - food, hunting
• could have been leant via song - alphabet
• fox p2 - medical research- part of dna - incharge of language
• a window or language development which closes around puberty
• Dr deb roy - recored his child for three years - tracked the pronounciation of 'water' over 7 months
• Stephen pinker - children are born with the ability to speak as they 'make up' words to replace the correct ones
• jean berko gleason developed the 'WUG' test (1955) - strong evidence born to speak - 'this is a Wug, now there are two '...'
• parents need to provide context, different opportunities to speak in different contexts
• the childs semantic awarenesses outstrips their phonological ability highlighted by deb roy

michael rosen : word of mouth

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qtnz/episodes/player

child language devlopment

Theory:

• Deb Roy set up his house as a lad to record his childs language until he was three
• Dr Kathy Price - key elements in the brain that have language use - born with it?
• Noam Chomsky (godfather of linguistics)

Language:

• despite decades of research, how we learnt to talk remains a mystery
• Fox p2 is innate as its in the genes

language theory:

• parents simplify their language to suit the child (as they develop sentences so do the parents) (convergence)
• care giver language
• all animals would have the ability to talk
• picking up sounds whilst in the womb - recognise mums voice/tone
• innate ability for language  - born with the ability to speak
• L.A.D - language acquisition device
• we all have blueprints to language but need to be exposed to it early on
• children learnt to speak with minimal effort

AQA A2 Specification

http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/resources/english/AQA-7701-7702-GLOSSARY.PDF

a2 coursework ideas

Child development

John Holt - How Children Learn    (1967)
Foreword: children have a style of learning that fits their conditions and which they use naturally until we train them out of it


Holt.JH.1967.how children learn.1st.USA.pitman publishing corporation

Power

Dale Spencer - Men Made Language   (1980)
Thorne & Henley 1975: the correct way of speaking for women - page37










HOW TEENAGERS LANGUAGE CHANGE AS THEY GROW UP?
-accent and dialect
                                                                                            relate to music?
                                                                                            the use of swear words?
                                                                                               -black vs white - racist?

• dialect levelling?
• Milroy:Belfast
• Bernstein's codes

Bee and Boyd - Lifespan development
-21/2 years average vocab = 600         - Pinker 1994
-5-6 years average = 15000


-3 years acquired basic tools needed to form sentences and make conversation    - Bloom 1991

practice paper 1

Question 1-

The online article from the BBC News talks about Labour winning Bristol’s vote for the elections. It is targeted at the audience who take an interest in politics and have the knowledge for that topic. It also targets the older adults range as they are more experienced with the government choices and have a wider knowledge on how to improve for future generations such as their children. The younger audience are not widely affected by the issues as they can’t vote however would benefit them for when they are older; changes in society and way of life. To come across this text, it would have been searched and it might have been the first website to pop up as the BBC is well known throughout the country and is very trustworthy when it comes to local news and even debates on politics. By them having that organisational power over the public it seems like all of their stories are true and convincing. The purpose of the article is to inform the local people (Bristolians) as well as the rest of the country that Labour has won the majority of peoples vote. It also informs people that there is a new ‘party’ that would be running the county for future generations. The expectations when reading this article are quite dull and boring as the subject of politics can be quite frustrating and annoying for some of the audience which makes them not want to read on. Although, if some people are a regular visitor then they would find it easier to read as the page is split into two main pictures and the paragraphs are fairly short along with long sentence structures. The side bar shown has different pictures which may distract and hook the audience too as the graphology shows people with missing teeth and natural disasters. Especially people who dislike the subject of politics, they might have more of a risk to click on another page as they might get tired of the topic. The text is multimodal as the headline states that Labour ‘win’ which is related to the picture underneath of people hugging and being happy. This shows that peoples vote count and they are happy that the decision has been made for the right ‘party’ to be one. The article also uses persuasion to engage with the audience by saying ‘gaining seven seats’. This implies that they have done something this year to have more people compared to the other parties. It shows how powerful they can be. The use of nicknames suggest that most people are friendly enough to talk about the ‘Lib Dems’ rather than calling them ‘Liberal Democrats’. It shows that their party is good because of the nickname basis but that it is also not as good as Labour considering they won. The logo at the top of the page suggests that it is official and that is it representing the overall elections for when it is combined with the rest of the UK’s vote.

Question 2-

YouGov is a website where people can express their views, take polls and have conversations all about politics and small debates which might affect the future such as ‘should the penny be used or not?’. People might come across this website if they are involved with the site as the affordances are ‘Log on’ and ‘Register’ to keep the audience involved in the local issues. It is also a site where people could click on to see the latest debates and discussions related to politics. The target audience would be people who are interested in politics and seeing how the future could affect generations to come. This age group could range from the middle aged adults as they have more experience and knowledge which can be passed on to generations such as their children. The purpose of the website is to inform people what ‘YouGov’ is about and how they can make a change. They want people to get involved as the icons as you open the site has the latest polls and issues surrounding the country and the rest of the world. YouGov also plans to engage and persuade the audience as the title says ‘What would you like to do?’ This indicates that it is all about the target audience and it is them that make the choices for the future. By them using direct address it engages with the audience and seems like they are talking directly to them although it gives them the option and they can do anything they like because it is in their hands. They also use ‘our’ within the website which shows that everyone is part of the community and they would be with us for what choice we make. The expectations when you open the website is quite dull using black, white and grey colours however when the mouse is hovered over it lights up red and makes it easier to come across. The language used through is quite sophisticated and educated as it is a serious issue which affects everyday life but also the fact that before you click on the webpage, there is a section about ‘YouGov- Cambridge’. This shows that the people are well educated as they went to a well know university/ area. ‘YouGov’ is also a blend of words that can mean ‘Your Government’. This gives the impression that you are in charge of the government and how it is run which is also why they have discussions and polls about news. It is also shortened which makes it easier to remember. The pictures that are shown are related to the topics of politics or debates rather than reading a small sentence about what the hyperlink will tell you in another page. The sentences are quite short which makes it easier to read but the pictures also help the audience. At the bottom there are also links to share with friends and social media which is a part of getting involved with the community. This says that if people are really interested in some conversations then they can find out more information at events, reports and blogs that they have done as well as getting careers. The subheading ‘welcome’ suggests direct address even though it is not directly talking to the audience with personal pronouns. It implies that they are inviting you for read and take part in the website too.

Question 3-

Both of the texts are on politics which can be a strong hard subject for some people. This means that people might find this interesting but most of the audience might be bored and faze out when hearing about the topic. This is also because it can be hard to understand even though everyone should have a bit of information about it because it will help change and manage how we live for future generations. To break up the big chunks of information about the topic, both texts use pictures so that they stand out which makes it easier to read. The also relate to the topic too. As well as pictures, both of them use small paragraphs but have long sentences. This is because they would break it down for some people and make it simpler to read as politics can be a heavy topic to read if the text was just one big paragraph. They also do this to engage and hook the audience as they try to give as much information in small quantities so everyone understands it better. However, in text a when you continue to read the next paragraph, it could have been one paragraph but they have split in into two or three. The text could have been one paragraph as they were only talking about interviews and discussions rather than heavy information about some issues.  Both texts also have power as they are well-known throughout the world which also has people believing that what they are advertising is the truth.

However text a is only an article stating that Labour has won majority of votes compared to text b which gets people involved in debates, polls and discussions. This attracts the audience more as they would get bored reading an article and would like to see some change which matters by talking to other people about the same topic. Text b offers more as it can change how society is compared to text a which shows no outcome or much resolved only the fact that Labour has one. Text b also engaged with people across the world and how everyone can work together. Text a however is well known throughout the world (BBC) but it not really selling to worldwide readers that Labour has won the vote- only in Bristol compared to the rest of the UK.

opinionated article - occupation

Don’t be a bore at the dinner table!

Should we be bringing the work language into the household? It is a different environment to working facilities and shouldn’t be brought back as the people around you wouldn’t know what it is about unless they do the same job.

When your family member or friends talk about their day at work, most people are interested as they care about them and how they are getting on at work- whether they have had a bad day or not. The amount of conversation between the two (or more) people can be small talk ranging from a conversation about the whole day, start to finish. This is ok, right? This is normal. But when you drag the terminology from the workplace into an everyday conversation to people who don’t know that much about it, they can lose interest and get lost in the conversation.

In the working environment, people tend to use phatic tokens – research which was done by Labov. The use of self-orientated tokens in the work environment suggests that the conversation has one person with a higher status job title such as making a tool within engineering. They might also use neutral tokens as they both know what they mean within the workplace. This is fine. This doesn’t require any more explaining to people not within that job ad they already know the meaning. However, if you were to explain this jargon to me outside of the work place then I wouldn’t have a clue. Milling, Vernier, height gauge- what’s that?

Some of the tools and equipment which are used in a work environment, such as an engineering company, might have different terminology compared to someone working in a hospital. When at the dinner table discussing their days, people might lose interest in the conversation because they don’t know what they mean themselves. ‘I spent all day making a plumb bob’. Excuse me? What’s that? While on the topic of conversation people might be zoning out the conversation as it might get boring for them because they work in a different environment and are still unsure on what they mean. They might take an interest but not in depth about the whole industry.

However, within the conversation people might use Giles CAT theory which he researched about how spoken language affects your voice within the workplace. Because they might be talking to friends and family about their job, they seem friendlier and comfortable to talk about it. Maybe it’s because they take an interest or just want to find out. Therefore, by them being comfortable they can be open about it. Within your job you can also diverge your language to colleagues- by changing your accent and dialect slightly to suit them. This could also be done to seem like a better teammate. Within work you might also converge as you could be comfortable around them without seeming different to others and not want to be different from the crowd. This way at work everyone can get on better and also have banter as well as being serious for tools and equipment.

accent article- with theories

Audience: people who read the guardian and have an interest in everyones accents


                                Does accent have anything to do with your own socialect?

 

Many people associate the English language being ‘posh’ or ‘well-spoken’ when in fact only a small percentage of the country does so. Across the UK accents can sometimes change when people move around or when they are with different people.

Some people’s accents can be similar to their families as they might be influenced by their language choice because they live in the same house. This would be different if they are with other people such as close friends. You wouldn’t talk the latest slang to your family would you? Well… Unless they are up to date with the trend. At interviews, people tend to change their accent and dialect to persuade and encourage the interviewer that they are right for the job. At job interviews people might use this technique because of covert prestige which is the idea of changing your accent because it is ‘bad’. This then makes them more suited for the job as they think where they come from might have some low hope. People’s voice also tend to also change when they use the phone as they could be answering to someone who they have never met e.g. a teacher therefore they would be converging their language. Milroy’s Belfast study indicates that women talk differently when with different social groups. This means that there overall accent is weaker than men. It shows that women can speak how they are if they are travelling across the country, seeing family and even in a work environment and still have a small accent but not as recognised. This then creates dialect levelling.

When people are with their friends, dialect is changing as there could be more slang, banter and more influences. The media and the social group that you are in have a big impact on how every person’s sociolect/dialect is. This is because of the celebrity influences and also who you hang around with. Discourse communities make you feel like there isn’t much accent or dialect change until you are with other people such as your family. However when people meet new friends such as in school they might converge to make themselves sound friendlier but also close friends might also take the mick out of each other and then diverge their language. Cheshire’s reading study links as when in a social situation boys tend to use more non- standard forms compared to girls. This could be down to group pressure but also their own background. Milroy’s Belfast study also links as men have a closed network meaning they talk the same to everyone making their accent stand out more. Men tend to keep to the same group compared to women who like to be friends with multiple groups therefore weakening their accent.

Many people’s accents and dialect also change when people go abroad or move somewhere else in the country. For example if someone from Bristol went to University to Birmingham they could pick up some dialect and maybe accent if they are staying there for a while. This also links into dialect levelling as people could pick up dialect and it not change their accent therefore making all the accents merge into one. As a discourse community people tend to pick up more and be influenced to use it. When meeting new people, they could recognise where you come from by your accent. Gile’s theory suggests that rural accents are more trustworthy therefore people could find you more reliable and friendlier whereas RP is more convincing. Eckert’s theory also suggests that people using non-standard forms are the ones who are ‘likely to fail’ as people who use RP are considered ‘intelligent’.

Ed Miliband is a well-known politician who is considered intelligent and uses RP. This all changed when he met Russel Brand. The politician changed his accent and dialect to suit Russel’s as he probably felt more comfortable around him making his accent slip into Russel’s ‘infamous mockney’. Could he be doing this to be more influenced by the public? Y changing words such as ‘yes’ to ‘yeah’ and ‘aren’t’ to ‘aint’ suggests that he is informal and started picking up Russel’s idiolect. Glottal stops were also enforced when speaking making Ed’s own idiolect stand out too. Ed is not the first politician to change his accent/dialect as Margret Thatcher did the same to sound more convincing to the public. This figure of ‘prestige’ shows that everyday people have to change their way of speaking just so they are taken seriously nowadays.

gender blog entry- with theories

Audience: regular Guardian readers but also people with some interested in gender equality

In modern day it is said that gender equality has been cut down a lot since the recent years. However, is this really the case? We live in a friendly community where people are not badly discriminated against gender apart from some women who experience sexism on a daily basis? Is this really the case when men and women should have equal rights and opportunities in the world?
Men don’t seem to be getting the same level of sexism on a daily basis so… are the issues changing?

Theorist robin Lakoff suggested many ideas how men and women are treated and communicated differently. If this is put into modern day some of these could ‘normal’ for some people who have experienced sexism on a daily basis. It also gives the impression that language is changing as society grows. Women are stereotypically the ones who deal with sexism which means that men are the ‘powerful’ ones saying it. This indicates that the men are more direct and straight to the point as they don’t think before they say which is from Lakoffs findings. Men tend to tell more jokes and have a better sense of humour too which makes them more dominant to women. It also means that males don’t care about how they say it as they also use non-standard form when in a social situation. This however makes the female race seem weaker and that they can be easily interrupted. This could be because women use polite forms and tag questions such as ‘isn’t it?’ which softens the conversation to make other people feel included or like they need to listen. It would make it easier for men to ‘pick on’ women due to the easy target of polite forms.

Margret Thatcher was the first female Prime Minister in the UK and has been the only one since. As she had power, and also being the first women to do so, it made her more influential to the general public. However, because she had to compete with the male audience she felt like she had to lower her voice just so she could feel accepted. This is why she took lessons to change her speech just so she could present the ‘male’ figure to society. Could she have done this to be as powerful as men? Or because she lived in a world where men were seen as the more confident and firm in what they believe in which Zimmerman and Wests theory didn’t denote? Zimmerman and Wests’ theory indicates that men are the more powerful out of the sexes. This is because they had research on interruptions within a college which said that men interrupted the conversation 46 times compared to women who did twice. So if Margret Thatcher was publicly speaking to a mix sex audience with no lower tone, would she have still got the attention she did?

Another example of a female who wasn’t treated equally was Jennifer Lawrence. She co-stared with male actors and earned more money than she did which was leaked. Some news magazines seen Jennifer’s option on the situation and said that she was yelling at the fact she earned less when she wrote she gave her option in a ‘clear and no bullshit way with no aggression’. Does the public feel like women are weaker and don’t deserve the same amount of pay? Or were the audience surprised that a successful celebrity was complaining about something without knowing that she had a voice? It is strange that the public found it shocking that a women had expressed her views about something when if it was from a male perspective people wouldn’t think much of it and that women are ‘complaining again’. Women are generally meant to use polite forms and emphatic language such as ‘so’ which creates a sweet, loving woman image as Lakoffs theory suggest as suppose to a direct and clear expression in which men are supposed to use.  It overall suggests that men think that they are better than anyone else.

We live in a world where society can change day to day, hour by hour on sexism. Stories and everyday sexism can always change regarding who the person/ people are. Do we live in a world where men are taking over society and becoming more dominant weakening women’s potential? Or do we live in a world where women’s opinions and opportunities make them less equal to men? Or do we live in a world where men and women should be treated equally regarding rights or equal amount of pay and not be surprised when either sex’s voice has to be heard?

Gender Speech - using theories

Audience: in a meeting staff room at middle class- people debating how different each other are regarding titles. 

 

As soon as we reach primary school, why is every child given a title such as ‘Miss’? Why should they be given a role at that age when they don’t understand the world and responsibilities yet? Why should there be one title for an ‘unmarried woman’ and only one for a man? Titles are something you give someone if you are getting married or have a degree such as Professor. Even then the roles are unmarked. Why are men and women titles differently when they both could allocate the same role in the same job?

When calling a man ‘Mr’ we presume that they are married however when we call a woman ‘Miss’ we assume she isn’t married and is single. By calling someone miss it gives the impression that they are still young as many young teenage girls are called miss when they receive letters or apply for jobs. This also gives the impression that they are weaker than being a ‘Mrs’. Women who are titled as ‘Mrs’ give the impression that they have a partner and therefore married. It also sounds grown up and sophisticated. Zimmerman and Wests theory indicates that men have more power over women and therefore when they are married she now has power as she is ‘apart of him’ and becomes a Mrs. However, other titles such as Doctor and Professor are unmarked as it is gender neutral. Having gender neutral titles indicates that the role is shared and there shouldn’t be a desired authority which states who is ‘higher’ in that role. By having roles like that it indicates that no one is superior to the other and the job is equal.

Men are stereotypically associated with having more power compared to women. This could be down to the one title of Mr compared to women who can have three- Miss, Mrs and Ms. By a man having a Mrs by his side it indicates that he has power over her as she has taken the role of his last name with Mrs. Zimmerman and Wests theory agrees as men are the more powerful ones in gender as they tend to interrupt more than women making them more superior. This could also be why men are known for being the ‘man of the house’ because they like to own everything and be direct compared to women who can be hesitant while using polite forms as Lakoff said in her theory. Because men have the power they tend to not listen to women more and interrupt them. This contradicts Beatties theory as his theory indicates that men and women are equal therefore there should be no higher roles when it comes to two people. With this being said men should be equal and just as important as their wife (and if so husband) and also have the same level of power regarding interruptions. However, same sex couples have the same allocated titles. This shows no power as both of the roles are equal.

Within the work environment there are many people with different titles such as Mrs, Miss, Mr and Sir. They all do the same job but are they still equal? When people come to a job interview and present themselves as Miss, people could associate them with being weaker and use intensifiers and emphatic language. This makes them sound weaker than the males and could be paid less. The title also tells the interviewers or colleagues that they might not have the same experience as a ‘Mrs’. By women using empty adjectives and the lack of humour, they might weaken themselves. Lakoffs theory indicates that women tend to do this compared to the males as they are more direct and have better sense of humour. This could mean that men are more outgoing and therefore earned the title of Mr. This shows power as they have worked hard for themselves but also as they are treated as the ‘norm’ in the sexes. So how come men are the ‘norm’ and are supposably paid more? With men being more direct shows they know what they are talking about and have ideas but in Lakoffs theory it indicates that they swear more and also interrupt more. Would you want this man working in your environment? How come men can get some work done and slack off by using covert prestige towards fellow work colleagues but women can work hard by using empty adjectives and get paid less? The titles ruin the modern life in how everyone is treated and respected at work.

stereotypes - cambridge elevate 13.5.5

G- Newspaper article

R- People who are interested in the guardian magazine, not stood out with a picture and isn’t a main headline so people might miss this article, because its short it might draw attention rather than reading a full page, it could cause some issues due to not everyone being a sports fan in Britain etc.,

a- people reading the guardian paper- teens-older adults, it could also be anyone who is hooked by the words ‘British stereotypes’ as it might be different to the rest of the page, people interested in what a British magazine has to say about their own stereotypes

p- Is to say that within Europe people are categorised differently and everyone stereotypically assumes each country is like that, in the main article it goes onto say about how much each European country drinks rather than talking about how we see people, is to inform people that they are more than the ‘stereotypical image’,

e- the reader would expect to agree with the article as the known stereotypes of each country are ‘correct’ and what people normally assume relates to that country, they might be surprised when reading it as it is only a small article in the corner of a page but the main article talks more into Europe’s alcoholic drinking, they might be surprised when reading this extract then reading the main one as this extract stops suddenly and doesn’t give much point about war or drinking.

‘So we know....’ - Third person, talking on behalf of the Britain’s, everything the writer is saying is ‘true’

 

 

This text is an extract from the main article from The Guardian online newspaper. The audience reading it might be mainly adults who read the news but also anyone else who might grab the attention of the extract title as it mentions ‘British Stereotypes’. This grabs the attention of the audience due to it being a small extract rather than a headline story. People might want to read about the former stereotypes as it is a short article rather than a page full with no images (whereas people might move on and get bored). People could be interested in the fact that the headline might be a different topic to the other stories on the page and this could stand out more. The writer also uses ‘Brits’ at the start of the article. This is an abbreviation of the noun ‘Britons’ which is also a noun of ‘Britain’. This implies that he is using slang to describe the ‘British’ and is less formal than the rest of the text. It makes it seem that he is connecting with the readers because Britons might use ‘Brits’ as slang when describing themselves. Due to it being about ‘British’ people in the title, people might be interested to what fellow Britons have to say about themselves and how us as a country are stereotypically known. The writer of this article is British too as he talks about how ‘we’ as a country are known. By using ‘we’, it implies that he is interacting with the audience using third person as he sounds like the main spokesperson for the Britons and everyone agrees with his point. When he says ‘us’, it implies that every Briton is the same therefore we all must do the same stereotypical things such as being a ‘drunk football fan’. This also links to rest of the text as he goes onto say that other countries are known for different stereotypical things too therefore we associate them to be the same too. Although this is mainly an opinionated extract, some readers might have some issues with this because not every person in Britain is generally a ‘sportsfan’ or ‘bingedrinker’.  The purpose of this extract is to inform the readers that Britain is known for being the ‘bingedrinking’ country however in the main article it talks about how much each European country drinks rather than how each country stereotypically see each other. The secondary purpose is to inform people that countries all around the world are stereotypically known for something such as the French for wearing ‘striped shirts’. It shows that people are more than an image. The expectations that the readers might have from this article is that they would believe most of the things that were said. This is due to the media and also modes as people always believe that the stereotypes are true. It would also be what most people assume each country is like before visiting or in the media. However, because this is a short extract people might be surprised when they finish it as it ends quickly without giving much point other than naming some stereotypes. When the audience read the online article, the might be surprised again because it goes into depth about alcoholic drinking within each country and says that Britain is ‘obsessed with the war’ even though it doesn’t mention the war in the extract. When reading the short extract they might be confused why a small extract is in the corner when it doesn’t give much of a gripping storyline other than the title

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transcript analysis

Libby: I work in a hairdressers (.) and um (.) I answer the phones (.) do the tills and stuff

Louise: what stuff

Libby: like answer the phones (.) like makes sure when people come in give them enough time for the hairdresser (.) to do their hair (2) has to be good quality and cant have four people come in at once (.) I um (.) wash (.) hair aswell (.) gotta makes sure you got the right shampoo (2) and um (.) yeah (.) great

Libby used the most air time in this transcript as the topic of conversation was jobs and she was the only person who has one so she can talk about it. Although she is the main speaker she seems confident in what she is saying and gives a lot of examples and roles that she does within her job. Throughout the transcript she uses a lot of filler such as 'um'. This tells us that she is thinking on what else to say next or reassure other people in the conversation the responsibilities of a job. As well as fillers she also uses hedges such as like. This could be down to being embarrassed from recording as people don't like the pressure (especially if they are the only one talking). It also means she wouldn't be the powerful speaker as they are usually confident and direct however if you are embarrassed your not.

My part in the transcript was very short as I don't have a job and didn't have much to say. At the start however I interrupted Libby by saying 'what stuff?' so she could elaborate her responsibilities to us.
I hold power to her as I wanted to find out more about her job however there wasn't much power as I was generally talking to her like a friend/classmate.

language and representation

 Years and Years - Eyes Shut Lyrics (first part of song)

Throw your heart to me
Let it fall and hit the ground
Let it go
Your timing was so wrong
I just want to be found

In this song the band talks about a possible breakup or loss of someone as they would want to be 'found' again. This suggests that they are now lost without them and don't know what to do anyone because they are missing a part of someone or something.  'Throw' demonstrates a metaphor as they gave all they could to them but it was at the wrong time. It also is exaggerated and sounds like it was forced for them to do so. In the second line it also seems like they want the heart to be left on the ground (not only because it was bad timing for them) but also because it sounds like the heart is now worthless and unwanted. 'Your' also states that they are putting all the blame on them when it would of been an equal decision if it was a breakup or one betrayed the other badly. It is also a personal pronoun as they would be directly aiming the whole song at someone. Overall this would make the reader seem sad as it is a slow song anyway but also want to know how bad the lead singer felt after betrayal. It could also make the audience think that something so simple such as love can be broken and hurt at anytime so it must be looked after and not 'hit the ground'.

gender research - hallas absense

Beattie’s challenge to Zimmerman and West

Geoffrey Beattie studied and recorded that within a conversation there were 557 interruptions within 10 hours of discussion. Zimmerman and West recorded 55 interruptions. Beattie also found that men and women interrupt an equal amount- an average of 34.1 men and 33.8 women. This made men interrupt more however not as much as Zimmerman and West shown.

John Grey's popular book 'Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus'

In the book, men and women differ in the language they use when communicating. The main points in the book and theories are:

• Language and communication matter more to women than men.
• Women are more verbally skilled than men
• Men focus about getting things done in the conversation. Men are more factual whereas women want to connect and make a relationship out of the conversation.
• Can lead to miscommunicating between the sexes and could cause misinterpretations

This book makes it seem like men are the bullies in the conversation and women only care about feelings and connecting with others. It is also patronising to men to read it as they sound like bullies too. This can also make women sound less ‘powerful’ than men because men want to get the conversation over with whereas women want to enjoy the conversation and enjoy it. Today, the sexes would be equal so I think the language is slightly diverged.

Mary Beard

She believes that men have more power over vocal compared to women and that women are not treated equally. This is because she thinks that women do not speak authoritative however men come across as ‘deep voiced with connotations of profundity’. Men also appear to always get the last word even if women come up with the ‘excellent suggestion’. In the old punch cartoon she talks about how younger children would be influenced by the behaviour and looks into how women speak in today’s society.

Dale Spencer

The research is based upon the book ‘Men made language’. She argues that men have more power over women over all societies and classes. They also believe that they are the dominant gender and disobedient women who fail certain tasks are then labelled as ‘frigid’ or abnormal’. This is also down to the low toned masculine tone of voice.

Dale Spencer and Pamela fishman challenges to other theories

Pamela- she conducted research upon young American couples by listening to 50 hours of pre-recorded conversations between them. She found that five out of the six subjects were going to graduate school. The subjects included feminists, were white or between the ages of 20-30. She mainly found the women’s language use a lot of tag questions such as ‘you know?’

Dale- she also looked into tag questions such as ‘isn’t it?’ however she believed that this was down to gaining conversational power.